Entangling Power of Bipartite Unitary

This is not the simplest way to measure the entanglement of a bipartite unitary, but it makes for a good example. Alice and Bob each have a maximally entangled pair of qubits. They each pass one end of one of the entangled pairs into their part of the unitary. At the end, the resulting entanglement is computed.

>>> from qitensor import qubit, max_entangled
>>> import numpy as np
>>> # operational spaces
>>> hA = qubit('A')
>>> hB = qubit('B')
>>> # ancilla spaces
>>> ha = qubit('a')
>>> hb = qubit('b')

>>> # create two maximally entangled states
>>> state_A = max_entangled(hA, ha)
>>> state_A
HilbertArray(|A,a>,
array([[ 0.707107+0.j,  0.000000+0.j],
       [ 0.000000+0.j,  0.707107+0.j]]))
>>> state_B = max_entangled(hB, hb)
>>> state = state_A * state_B
>>> state.space
|A,B,a,b>

>>> # create controlled-phase gate
>>> phase = np.pi / 2
>>> U = (hA * hB).O.eye()
>>> U[1, 1, 1, 1] = np.exp(1j * phase)
>>> U.as_np_matrix()
matrix([[ 1.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j],
        [ 0.+0.j,  1.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j],
        [ 0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  1.+0.j,  0.+0.j],
        [ 0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+0.j,  0.+1.j]])

>>> # pass the entangled state into the unitary and measure the
>>> # entanglement of the result
>>> state = U * state
>>> state.space
|A,B,a,b>
>>> # the easy way to find entanglement across a*A-b*B cut
>>> "%.6g" % state.O.trace(ha*hA).entropy()
'0.600876'
>>> # the hard way to find entanglement across a*A-b*B cut
>>> (u, schmidt, v) = state.svd_list(row_space=hA*ha)
>>> schmidt = np.abs(schmidt * schmidt)
>>> abs(np.sum(schmidt) - 1) < 1e-14
True
>>> entropy = sum([ -x*np.log(x)/np.log(2) for x in schmidt if x > 0 ])
>>> "%.6g" % entropy
'0.600876'